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ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUP THEORY Essays

ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUP THEORY Essays ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUP THEORY Essay ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUP THEORY Essay Throughout the universe in recent old ages a figure of industries have been deregulated, for illustration, the banking industry, the telecommunications industry, and the air hose industry. There have been legion similar calls for a decrease in accounting ordinances ( utilizing such nomenclature as accounting standard overload ) but what would be some of the deductions if fiscal accounting were to be deregulated ( Craig Deegan-2000 ) . Major inquiries that may originate here are: Why those houses have been deregulated? And even if there was a demand of deregulating, why so, were they even regulated antecedently? What are the statements that are used in support of their determination? If the accounting ordinance is reduced, what is the mechanism that will coerce the houses to bring forth an optimum sum of information? ( Deegan, C. 2000 ) What is really called an optimum sum of information? Why after so many old ages the guru s of accounting have non been able to develop by and large acceptable principals for Financial Accounting? What are the grounds, why concerns find it hard to accept standardized regulations for the publication of their fiscal statements? Whilst being opposed on different evidences by different professionals, there are legion accounting ordinances throughout the universe that are extremely imposed in many states necessitating different regulations and rules in regard of their ( state s ) Torahs and statute laws. Therefore, the inquiry that comes in head is ; why fiscal accounting is so to a great extent regulated? The straightforward reply to this inquiry is to coerce the directors to bring forth an optimum sum of information about the operations of the administration. An optimum sum of information is the degree of information that reflects true position of the value of an administration. More inquiries that arise here are why, and under what fortunes houses do non desire to bring forth true and just accounting information about their operations? What are the statements that oppositions of this accounting ordinance provide in support of their position? And how they assure the production of the optimum sum of information about the houses in the absence of ordinance? To analyze both ( pro-regulation and anti-regulation ) views we need to hold a expression into different attacks for and against the ordinances that are used for puting criterions in accounting, and besides the statements provided by their advocators, every bit good as the unfavorable judgment to those statements. Free Market Perspective: Harmonizing to the free market position to accounting ordinance the accounting information should be treated like other goods. And the forces of demand and supply will guarantee the coevals of best possible sum of information ( Deegan, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to many writers, it is in the best involvement of the administration to supply information about its operations to the parties outside the administration. If any administration fails to bring forth this information so it will faced with increased cost of operations ( Agency Theory ) . Furthermore there is a idea based on economic principal of reason , which implies that each person operates for their ego involvement, unless they are forced to make so. Each party ( stockholders and debitors ) will anticipate that the others will run for the ain ego involvement, so this deficiency of trust will necessitate directors to acquire into contract with stockholders and debitors to protect their involvements and increase their assurance. There were many illustrations of catching directors and stockholders referred to as monitoring and bonding understandings to cut down bureau costs even before the nineteenth century when the fiscal statements were required by jurisprudence to be published. One of the most of import illustrations is the compact that restricts the payment of dividends. In the 1620 a corporate charter ( New River Company ) included a restriction that dividends would merely be paid from the net incomes. Some company charters after that day of the month did non include dividend compact ( Kehal, 1941 ) . This infers that even before the legislative demands houses were concerned about their stakeholders. In add-on directors should besides be given wagess in order to work for increasing the value of the administration. An illustration would be sharing the net income. In 1887 the Leeds Estate Building and Investment Company s articles had a proviso whereby the directors and managers were entitled to a fillip based on the sum of net income available for dividends. ( Edwards, 1968 ) The stockholders and the debt holders will necessitate to be provided with the indispensable information about the administration which so will increase their assurance. For this intent directors are required to be audited by an external hearer, sing their fiscal histories. From 1844 to 1900 the UK company Torahs did non necessitate the companies to print audited fiscal statements, yet they presented these to their stockholders at the one-year general meetings. In 1890 British hearers came to the US to scrutinize US houses, raising capital in London, because their house s reputes were of import to the success of those issues ( Watts and Zimmerman, 1983, DeMond, 1951 ) . Even there were demands by the stock exchanges of the US for the presentation of audited fiscal statements, non because of authorities ordinance, but because of self involvement ( Benston, 1969 ) . When there are a little figure of parties the statement of acquiring into contracts to diminish the cost seems to be valid but when there are a big figure of stakeholders present, the cost of contracts itself will be really high and here this statement does non work. Another statement is that extremely ranked best executing administrations will take over the administrations that are executing low. The geting house may replace all the bing staff. This menace will coerce the directors to work to increase the value of the administration. Another statement in the favor of free market position is reflected in the Market for Lemons position given by Akerlof, G.A. in August 1970. An administration is referred to be a lemon if it is foremost assumed of a good quality, but after erstwhile it turns into a deficient one ( Craig Deegan ) . Akerlof claims that even without enforcing accounting ordinance the house will be unwraping true information about its operations whether good or bad. If the administration is non unfastened about its public presentation, the market will comprehend this as negative and presume that the house has something bad to hide. Stated above are some claims given by the protagonists of the free market position of accounting ordinance. All these statements focus on the point that the houses can expeditiously bring forth information about their operations even in the absence of ordinance. Now we will see some statements in the favor of ordinance. THE PRO-REGULATION Approach: The advocators of free market theory of accounting ordinance based their statements on the two basic positions. First of these position says that if anybody truly needs to acquire information about the administration he will be willing to pay for it ( For illustration if an administration is working truly good, the hazard of loss on the investing will be decreased and therefore if there is low hazard the return demanded will besides acquire to a lower degree ) . The demand and supply forces will guarantee the production of best possible sum of information. The 2nd position provinces that if the administration fails to bring forth sensible information, so there will be great uncertainty about the operational efficiency of the administration. This state of affairs will ensue in an increased operational cost. The protagonists of pro-regulation attack claim that this statement is non valid for the goods that are free or public goods. Accounting information is known as public goods ( Deegan, C. 2000 ) , this is a good that can be available to the populace for usage without even paying for it. The people who use this information without even paying for it are referred to as free riders. Free riders predominating in the market will minimize the true demand for the good and this will do an underproduction of it. Harmonizing to Cooper and Keim ( 1983 ) and Demski and Feltham ( 1976 ) , when the users of a public good who are paying for it can non be excluded from those who are non paying, the monetary value system does non work expeditiously and it consequences into market failure. Therefore ordinance is necessary to be imposed. There comes another statement to this instance where the presence of accounting ordinance can ensue in an over production of the good. Furthermore, as investing analysts are one of the major users of the information. They may buttonhole for any new ordinance for the revelation of a certain sort of information to have more benefit. This lobbying may take to accounting standard overload, and this will be hard for the standard compositors to equilibrate between the both state of affairss stated above. The regulators frequently province that ordinance is necessary to guarantee that every one has entree to the same information by forbiding insider trading. And this is in the best involvement of the populace. Crisiss have a long history in warranting legislative actions which affect corporations. For illustration: the South Sea Bubble, which was blamed on speculators, led to an act of UK parliament in 1720 s which prohibited the formation of joint stock companies ; the failure of the City of Glasgow Bank under conditions of fraud , led to UK Companies Act 1879. ( Watts, R.L.1977 ) . Public INTEREST Theory: Harmonizing to public involvement theory, ordinance is imposed to protect the rights of the populace from unjust operations of the market. The basic construct here is that the ordinance is imposed for involvement of the populace instead than for the involvement of any act uponing party. If this theory is applied in a capitalist economic system, the public needs to be assured that their resources are used in profitable mode. Harmonizing to this theory, ordinance creates such trust and assurance. Many celebrated accounting professionals criticise this attack, but Posner ( 1974 ) rejects their claims by stating that the markets are really unstable and can non run decently without ordinance and that the ordinance procedure by authorities is truly really costless. However the protagonists of the free- market attack province that ordinances will be imposed merely for the well being of the regulator. Even if it seems that the statute law is functioning the involvement of general public, with the purpose of winning trust of populace, which will assist him step up to be re-elected. Capture Theory: Capture theory provinces that if accounting ordinance is imposed, it might be ab initio put in topographic point to function the involvement of general public, but with the transition of clip the regulated party will seek to capture the regulative party. It is hard for the regulator to stay indifferent and out of influence of the regulated parties. It has been a large issue all over the universe that the big accounting houses have got control of standard puting procedure. Walker ( 1987 ) explains this construct with the aid of an illustration of ASRB, which was deemed as extremely controlled by the accounting organisations. When ASRB was traveling to be established, authoritiess received suggestions the accounting criterion should be developed by other than the accounting professionals and the ASRB should be allowed to hold a research manager. But before the constitution of the board many accounting houses united together to act upon this determination that ASRB will hold an independent research manager. In 1986 about all the members of the board had a strong and professional accounting background, and in merely two old ages the ASRB were taken in control by the accounting houses. Economic Interest GROUP THEORY: Economic involvement group theory is besides known as private involvement group theory. This theory is related to the attempts of private groups for procuring their involvements. It assumes that in a concern market different entities have similar involvement. These will fall in together into groups to coerce the authorities to enforce certain statute law in order for them to have economic benefits. In an economic competitory market there are struggles between different groups therefore the benefit of one group can perchance be the disbursal of the other. For illustration Donald Stokes, Richard Morris, and Craig Deegan ( 1990 ) have investigated the involvements of audit houses to buttonhole on proposed revelation demands. Their survey generated consequences that the higher expected costs of non-conformity with legislative revelation demands is the major ground behind their lobbying in favor of increased professional revelation demands. ( Morris, Deegan, Stokes, 1990 ) Craig Deegan ( 2000 ) explained how the different houses form groups to accept or reject some ordinances, imposed by authorities which, they think, are non in their involvement. Harmonizing to one of these illustrations, in Australia, authorities passed a ordinance to be imposed in 1990, which was related to the general insurance companies. That demand stated that the investings will be valued at their cyberspace market value. If there are any alterations, these will be charged to gain and loss history. But this created a important instability in the net incomes of many houses. Therefore the insurance houses form groups to oppose this ordinance. ( Craig Deegan ) . The protagonists of this position consider that even the regulators have their ain involvements sing a peculiar ordinance. For illustration if the regulators put in topographic point a ordinance to procure or protect the rights of the general populace, the purpose behind this action could be to win the trust of the general populace and acquire re-elected. Therefore, they can besides be seen as an involvement group under this theory. If we conclude this treatment we can state that ordinances are being imposed to profit some specific parties that have the power to buttonhole against the determination of regulators. Another noticeable point is that the little houses which have no power to consequence the determinations of regulators can non be able to protect their different involvements. REGULATION AS AN OUTUP OF A POLITICAL Procedure: This position is an of import position sing ordinance in fiscal accounting, because it challenges the basic constructs of accounting. However, if we follow the conceptual model of accounting, it emphasizes that the fiscal statements of the house should be true and just position of a company s operations, and these should non be biased ( should non be good for merely a certain group of people ) . The conceptual model besides states that the standard compositors should maintain in head all the positive or negative effects of the accounting criterions on the economic system every bit good as society. It is clear perceptible from the history that in US standard scene procedure is controlled by political forces. Congress concerns with criterions have played a critical function in the permutation of ABP with FASB. Latest examples of its intercession include: SFAS 133 ( accounting for derived functions and hedges, FASB, 1998 ) ; SFAS 141 ( riddance of pooling, 2001a ) and SFAS142 ( damage of good will, FASB, 2001b ) . ( Watts, 2003 ; Ramanna, 2005 ) It is besides stated that before the execution of certain new steps, the standard scene organic structure should name for treatment and different parties that can be affected by it and take into consideration, the suggestions given by that party. If the organic structure does non adhere to the above statement, its whole being can be challenged. However if above statement is accepted so the neutrality and objectiveness of accounting criterions will be questionable. Embracing the consideration of economic effects standard compositors will hold to give the equity and truthfulness of accounting information. As there can be certain information about a house, if disclosed, that can hold a negative impact on the value of the house. Therefore, that peculiar criterion will necessitate to be amended. For illustration, there is a demand in the Australian conceptual model that standard compositors will hold to see the economic effects of their determinations, specifically in relation to the possibility that equity and truthfulness might hold to be sacrificed. ( Collett, P 1995 ) A inquiry that comes into head is that public or users of fiscal studies by and large know that there is political force per unit area involved in the development of the fiscal studies. While holding this type of outlook, will they be able to accept that the information provided in the studies is accurate and just? Decision: We have considered all the major attacks to standard scene in fiscal accounting. Each of these attacks carry solid statements, nevertheless under certain fortunes they become challengeable. After analyzing all the facts provided by different attacks we are now in a better place to understand how hard it can be for the standard compositor to equilibrate between all these positions and put such generalized accounting criterions that can be internationally acceptable.

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions Coursework

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions - Coursework Example The area of the corporation includes trade agreements, taxation policies, tariffs and duties among other areas. The report seeks to examine one of the countries in the G7 industrial economies carefully (G20, 2015). Although the G7 industrial economies are of countries that have been perennial economic powerhouses, there have been emerging economies that have sprung out rapidly. Some of the economies that have grown rapidly in the recent years include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The countries are as BRICSA or tiger countries. Over the last decades, the BRICSA countries have grown rapidly causing ripples to some of the developed nations. Among the drivers that have led to the emergence of the countries includes innovation in the technological sector. The report carefully examines economic factors that have spurred the growth of the economies are also carefully considered (G20,2015). Finally, the report also features macroeconomic performance, international trade and international trade and investment over the last five years of one of the open economies. The free economy is not part of the G7 group neither is part of the BRICSA countries. The open economy consists several countries that include Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia among other countries (G20,2015). The U.S. economic was among the economies that worst hit by the recent global financial meltdown. Most of the world economies were stagnated following the eruption of the global financial crisis that adversely affected most countries. Over the last five years, significant economic changes have been made following the adoption of workable economic policies. The systems have seen the economy recovery from its shackles. Although proper measure have been put ensure full economic recovery issues such high unemployment rates

Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Facilities Management - Essay Example Use of ‘going green buildings’ will serve to address these measures and concerns. (Cooper, ‘The Future is Bright Green’) The article provides a clear definition of the requirements of what developers should encompass in designing a green building. The building should ensure improvement of interior air quality, reduction of green house gas emission, conversion of waste to energy, reduction of water consumption, improvement of energy efficiency and reduction of waste through reuse or recycling. With these factors in mind, buildings will enhance productivity as a result of their environmental friendly nature and the wellbeing of people, both inside and outside the buildings. These factors have facilitated the development of ‘intelligent’ buildings which are adaptable and easy to use and manage. The article further demonstrates how the initiative has been embraced by shopping centers. The buildings are designed in the image of ‘going greenâ₠¬â„¢, as they are green in nature. These latest design and technological developments have ensured that buildings have increased their asset performance as well as their value (Cooper, ‘The Future is Bright Green’). The initiative reduces the element of the building depreciating and thus the building is a good value for investment. As a result of the success of green building in shopping centers, developers are eager to spread the development of these ‘intelligent’ buildings to other retail sectors that would be better suited for this initiative. The measures are mainly intended for the offices as it has been revealed that the use of the going green initiative would best be implemented in the office sector. The high level of interaction between people, machinery and systems in the offices, has called for the office sector to integrate going green measures, so as to improve the performance and effective operations of workers (Cooper, ‘The Future is Bri ght Green’). The success of the green buildings in shopping centers serves as evidence that the measure is applicable in buildings that require a lot of systems and people to co-exist, hence applying the initiative in offices would be easy and effective. In conclusion, green buildings have proven to be a success in shopping centers, and as a result, it is very ideal for the technology to be applied in the other sectors. It is important for buildings to become part of the ‘future is bright green’, as this will provide a catalyst effect to going green initiative, which seeks to protect the environment. In so doing, the world will be a healthier place to live (Cooper, ‘The Future is Bright Green’). It is evident that the effects of green gas emissions, has facilitated the death of humans and parts of the environment. Risk-Based Maintenance The article is an illustration of how risk assessment is applied in the operation of a manufacturing plant. It reve als the measures that can be applied as well as their application in increasing the level of production. Application of risk assessment by a maintenance manager can help a firm save a lot of money by reducing its production costs. In the article, risk maintenance is demonstrated using scenarios of how the application of risk assessment measures would serve to improve operations. Important equipments and machineries should be grouped, and their risk priorities established so as to ensure that they are kept running at capacity. (Barr, ‘

Barco Projections Systems Strategic Marketing Essay

Barco Projections Systems Strategic Marketing - Essay Example Naturally, as one progressed from the lowest resolution to the highest, the price increased significantly. BPS had chosen to focus on the top-of-the-line markets where its commitment to R&D would give it a major competitive edge. Sony shocked the management of BPS, as well as the rest of the industry, in 1989 when it unveiled its newest projector at the Siggraph trade show in Boston. By introducing a product that was both technologically superior as well as less expensive than the current units available, Sony demonstrated that its expectations of future market demand was different from everyone else. What the industry saw at that trade show was a projector which offered superior performance at a price not previously available. (2002: 10) Sony had obviously decided that the graphics segment of the market held the most potential for profitability and the least direct competition. BPS anticipated increased competition in the data segment of the market. ... Accordingly, BPS was positioning itself to introduce a competitive new projector targeted to that same market in 1989. Its plans for delivering a better graphics-compatible product were scheduled for the latter part of 1990 because the expectation was that Sony would be focusing on the data segment, not graphics. (2002: 10, 12) In this expectancy, unfortunately, they were sadly mistaken. Sony had clearly decided that the high-end graphics market segment was ripe for exploitation. The reason for this is likely due to Sony's perception that it could successfully drive the industry using its strong manufacturing base. In broadening the market by offering superior technology at lower prices, Sony would be forcing the other manufacturers into a price war. This was a battle that BPS could not afford to fight. (2002: 12) Further, if Sony could catch its competition off guard, no one would be able to respond with a competitive product before Sony had seized a sizeable advantage in terms of market share and brand recognition. Sony rejected the BPS vision of the market because Sony saw an opportunity in the high end of the major market segments and moved to get there before anyone else. The threat of the Sony 1270 There is no doubt that Sony's new projector was a major threat to the other manufacturers. Within any market, it is vital that a producer provide a superior product. When that product can deliver higher performance at a lower price, it is well on its way to capturing market share. If the manufacturer can then provide sustained delivery to pre-release orders and post-release customers alike, they should rightfully expect to see the positive impact on their bottom line. From BPS' perspective, imagine

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay African-Caribbean communities organize and participate in Caribbean Carnivals Caribbean style carnivals throughout the UK. The best known of these is the annual  Notting Hill Carnival, attracting up to 1.5 million people from Britain and around the world, making it the largest street festival in Europe. The carnival began in 1964 as a small procession of Trinidadians in memory of festivals in their home country. Leeds West Indian Carnival  is Europes oldest West Indian carnival and now attracts around 130,000 people. Other carnivals include the Leicester Caribbean Carnival and the Birmingham International Carnival. British African-Caribbean people A majority of the African-Caribbean population in the UK is of Jamaican origin; other notable representation is from Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Montserrat, Anguilla, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Guyana (which although located on the South American mainland is culturally similar to the Caribbean and was historically considered to be part of the British West Indies), and Belize. African-Caribbean people are present throughout the United Kingdom with by far the largest concentrations in London and Birmingham. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff. In these cities, the community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as Brixton, Harlesden, Stonebridge, Tottenham, Dalston, Lewisham, Edmonton, Peckham in London, West Bowling and Heaton in Bradford, Chapeltown in Leeds, St. Pauls in Bristol, or Handsworth and Aston in Birmingham or Moss Side in Manchester. According to the 2001 census, the largest number of African-Caribbeans is found in Lewisham, south-east London, with 9%. British African-Caribbeans have an extremely high rate of mixed-race relationships, and could in effect become the first UK ethnic group to disappear. Half of all British African-Caribbean men in a relationship have partners of a different ethnic background, as do one-third of all British African-Caribbean women. 2009 estimates for England alone roughly put the full African-Caribbean to partial African-Caribbean heritage ratio at 2:1, with over 900,000 people of African-Caribbean origin in total. England in 2009: 609,400 (approximately 1.20% of the English population) Regions with significant populations Greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, West Midlands, Manchester, Bristol, Nottingham, Leicester Sheffield Caribbean London Its hard to say exactly which parts of London are synonymous with Caribbean culture. In August itll be Notting Hill, but although there are hubs of residential areas Peckham, New Cross, Dalston, and Lewisham That will have their fair share of Caribbean (and African) residents and at least a handful of grocers or takeaways selling Caribbean food; its a community thats fairly spread across town. Two main areas do stand out, however: Brixton in South London and Harlesden in the North West. Brixton Market is home to Europes largest amount of Afro-Caribbean foodstuffs, which obviously appeals to a large contingent of Afro-Caribbean consumers who can also find specialist hairdressers, barber shops as well as hair products in the surrounding streets. Harlesden also boasts its fair share of Caribbean cafà ©s and grocers, but is best known as the reggae capital of London. AFRO HAIR Black hair has been the subject of discussion for many years. Today, black hair has reached new heights, with new styles, news products, and leading hair fashions. Whether its natural Afro, braids, weaves or treatments make everyday a great hair day!   Latest Info MACADAMIA HAIR OIL In just three years, Macadamia Natural Oil has risen to become a global phenomenon in professional hair care. INTL BLACK HAIRITAGE 2012 The 2nd Intl Black Hairitage is back with an afternoon of films, QAs, talk, workshop as well as a Mini Market to celebrate and explore the culture and issues around natural living and holistic health. NATURAL NOVEMBER Natural November event showcasing the very best in natural hair, health and beauty products with special guests. INGRID FARRELL CELEBRATES East London hair stylist Ingrid Farrell is celebrating after reaching the finals of the prestigious English Hair and Beauty Awards. AFRO HAIR BEAUTY SHOW Afro Hair Beauty LIVE loves to introduce revolutionary style ideas and this year weve scouted out the freshest and most talked about movers and shakers in hair and beauty industry to make the shows line-up more exciting than ever! CREME OF NATURE AWARDS 2012 The Creme of Nature Community Action Award is all about giving something back to the many communities across the UK that have helped make Creme of Nature one of the most well known brands in the hair and beauty market for the past 30 years. BLACK HAIR INCOME (UK) NETWORK Kolorpurple Marketing, a Bedford based firm announced the launch of a network marketing program, Black Hair Income (UK) Network to tackle the problem of unemployment amongst women in the African and Caribbean community. MARCIA JOHNSON STILL A SUCCESS Prolific national hair champion Marcia Johnson has proved shes still number one in her industry, nine years after she won her first award as a hairdressing student at the College of North West London.   ORGANIC ROOT STIMULATOR Is your hair damaged, over-processed, shedding or breaking? It sounds like your overdue a Hair MOT, get the recovery underway with the Organic Root Stimulator Hair Mayonnaise an intensive conditioning treatment.   AMAZONIA ORGANICS This miracle treatment will transform all types of afro, relaxed, curly over-processed hair to a sophisticated level, organically and without the need for chemicals or harsh ingredients. The results are apparent instantaneously, producing a lush shine. Controls and nourishes dry hair.   HAIR CELEBRATION Hair Celebration at arc Gallery is an event inspired by Hair Power Skin Revolution: an anthology of poems and essays edited by Nicole Moore, in which Black and Mixed-race women explore the range of skin and hair experiences. CHRIS FOSTER Multi award-winning hairdresser Chris Foster provides a range of services to the hairdressing industry, from training and skill-development with the Foss Academy, through to session services, platform stylist and show organizer.   AFRO HAIR BEAUTY BIBLE   The Afro Hair Beauty Bible The must have beauty book for Women of Colour by Alison Husbands. This glossy stylish handbag sized book is complimented by stunning images in an easy to read format, just what a busy woman needs no matter what her lifestyle. GOOD HAIR DVD Written, produced and narrated by the worlds biggest comedian Chris Rock (Madagascar, The Longest Yard) and winner of the Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival 2009, GOOD HAIR is released on DVD by Icon Home Entertainment on 27 September 2010.   SPECIALIST LACE FRONT WIGS Whilst hair loss can occur due to medical reasons (hereditary, diffused, chemotherapy), the most common reasons for hair loss amongst black women is due to chemical processing or traction damage. AFRO SAXONS Chocolate Films documentary Afro Saxons blows the lid on Afro-hair competitions in the UK. A warm, inspirational and touching film that delves into the professional and home lives of the stylists while they express themselves with mind-blowing gravity-defying hair designs.   Business and Marketing Plan Summary The Marketing Plan for Beauty Queens Cosmetics Illustrates with a Vision to get a growth in Targeted Region with a mission to achieve a Unique and leading role in his business Industry. And it includes a Marketing and Sales Plan which if executed well then the company can get their targeted growth result. The Report is supported with a Regional Analysis of Target Area and some info on Hair Products in UK Region. The Business Business name: Beauty Queens Cosmetics Business structure: hair and cosmetics specially designed for African people Business location: African and Caribbean customers in UK Date established: The date you started trading. Business owner(s): List all of the business owners. Products/services: black Afro hair and cosmetic products Goals/objectives: Increase lifetime value of customers Increase the average number of items purchased per sale Increase the frequency that a loyal customer shops Increase the percentage of customers who are returning customers Increase the number of new customers Increase customer satisfaction Increase visibility and memorability of brand identity Increase new customers from referral and word of mouth The Market Target market: Black British women, African and Caribbean customers in United Kingdom. Marketing strategy: By offering a complete range of black Afro hair products, Services Solutions for a variety of customers requirements. Reach out the Giant Customer base from all sectors. Enhancing the Online marketing strategies to reach out the peoples via Internet marketing. Segmentation of Customers The bulk of the ethnic minority group as a whole are concentrated in large urban areas, especially London. An outstanding 80% of Black Africans and 61% of Black Caribbeans lived in London. Following London, the second largest proportion of ethnic minority population as a whole lived in the West Midlands (13%), followed by the South East (8%), and Yorkshire and the Humber (7%). So The Segmentation of customers should largely focus on London and Birmingham. Notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff have the good Number of afro Caribbean peoples. So the Major Focus should be on these cities. THE BUSINESS OF BLACK HAIR AND BEAUTY Size and Growth of Industry According to Cobweb Research, African Caribbean hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the industry with an estimated 2,000 salons in the UK, at least half of which are located in London alone. The size and economic impact of this market is however, said to be vastly under-estimated. As a result, the Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses (KCBMEB) in partnership with Afro Hair Beauty conducted quantitative research to provide an estimate of the true size of the industry. Rough calculations result in an estimated 50 million pound market for London alone which employs approximately 5,000 people Hairdressing in general is one of the faster growing industries in the UK, and although black women are estimated to spend, on average, four times more on their grooming then the average woman, a lack of formal business skills amongst many Afro-Caribbean-led salons means that these businesses are not enjoying the same level of success as their mainstream counterparts. To further emphasize this point, research conducted by Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses also shows that expectations of growth in terms of employee size and turnover are not being achieved. The following table reveals that 16% of businesses expect to move out of the 5 or less employees category into the 6 plus category and almost one in ten of these businesses expect to move into the 10 plus employee category within the next two years. What happens in reality (if we compare 2 years ago and now) is that only 2% moved out of the 1-5 employee category, 3% out of the 6-10 em ployee categories, and 1% into the 10 plus employee category). Number of Staff in African-Caribbean Hair Beauty Businesses Two Years Ago Currently Expected in Two Years None 13% 7% 5% 1 5 employees 70% 72% 58% 6 10 employees 13% 16% 23% More than 10 employees 4% 5% 14% 100% 100% 100% Achieving Growth Potential African Caribbean Hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the increasingly lucrative UK hair and beauty industry and since its inception has been one of the strongest growth areas in the Black and Minority Ethnic market. Added to this, the UKs ethnic population is growing by 2.5% a year and even more within London, which holds about half of the UKs BME population. Overall, the groups disposable income is estimated at  £12bn and the markets potential is further boosted by the fact that black women spend up to four times as much money on their hair as their white counterparts. Salon owners and professionals must be educated on the business case for increasing their business and technical skills, and formalizing their business processes so as to reap the benefits available to them in the form of training, funding opportunities, publicity and involvement in government initiatives aimed at achieving business growth within the sector. Attitudes need to be changed and to do so requires a social marketing campaign, the main objective of which should be to encourage the dissemination of information that informs and encourages salon owners and their employees to improve standards. As a result, Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses is working with partners, shebytes Ltd., and Afro Hair Beauty to: develop a sustainable programme of business training and support tailored to the needs of businesses in this industry revival of an industry association that will champion the needs of all players in this specialised market support the development of an accredited training academy which will meet the continuous skills and training needs of this dynamic market develop an online database of businesses in the industry, create inspirational case studies of good practice in the industry, and develop online tools that are specific and easily accessible to business owners and aspiring business owners in the industry Competitors Analysis Its up to entrepreneurs to attract and retain customers, and all your most profitable future clients already exist. Many of them probably belong to your competitors, so its up to you to persuade them to do business with you instead. This is a skill business owners can learn. At its base, it comes down to advertising, something successful entrepreneurs are doing anyway. Plus, if youre going after your competitors clients, your chances for success increase for two reasons: Youre targeting only those prospects who have already purchased or are in the process of purchasing a product or service similar to yours, and youre rewarding the competitions best clients for taking immediate action while showing you proof of their purchasing intent. To reach those prospects interested in making a purchase, here are five ideas you can use right now in your display or internet advertisements: If you have received a written estimate from any of our competitors, show us proof and youll receive a special discount at our establishment. Show proof that you received our competitors sales letter, sample or brochure and instantly receive $25 toward your next purchase with us. If you currently own an XYZ Widget, you immediately qualify for an instant credit of $20 toward our products and services. If your do-it-yourself home repair project didnt turn out right, show us your receipt for materials purchased, and youll receive an immediate discount up to 10 percent off your repair bill. Before worrying about the cost of gaining customers this way, remember that your initial rebate or incentive offer is a one-time acquisition cost. The lifetime value of acquiring this new client could easily be worth thousands of dollars or more to your business.   For this strategy to work, your ads must reach your competitions clients. Research the places your competitors advertiseonline and in newspapers, magazines and the Yellow Pagesand advertise there, too. Then, when creating your next advertising campaign, ask yourself if your incentive is irresistible enough to instantly steal business away from competitors. With enough incentive and reward for taking immediate action, youll have created an advertisement tempting enough to accomplish your goal. Differentiate yourself from your Competitors 1.  Reduce Expenses, Not Advertising Take a look at your Profit and Loss statement, or itemize all of your expenses, and ask yourself how each line can be eliminated or reduced. Find out where you can cut back. A little here and a little there will soon add up. However, the one expense you do NOT want to reduce is advertising. In fact, many retailers will increase their marketing efforts during slower sales periods because there is more competition and fewer consumer dollars. 2.  Get Creative Retailers in the same industry generally use similar marketing methods to reach customers. Now is the time to get creative and use unconventional marketing methods to distinguish your business from the competition. A unique marketing campaign attracts more attention and lands more sales. Also, look for some new untapped market you and your competitors overlooked. You may uncover a niche market you can dominate with little or no competition. 3.  Provide Outstanding Customer Service By going the extra mile to provide good service, retailers can outlast the competition. Make shopping in your store such a memorable experience that customers cant wait to come back or to tell their friends. People like to shop where they feel comfortable and where they feel the owner truly cares about their wants and needs. Use your salespeople to talk with your former customers, present customers, and the people who buy from your competitors. Not to be gauche as a business-performance consultant, the best-practice answer is to hire a competent outside-participant to learn customers attitudes. A hot topic: Since early 2009, it seems all we have heard about is social media and connecting with customers. Hence, the increasing popularity of social-media measurement, but it is still challenging to leverage social media for business success. It takes a savvy staff or outside experts to listen and engage prospective customers in the marketplace. Beat a Lower-Priced Competitor Its every companys nightmare: a competitor enters your market with a similar product priced at a fraction of what you currently charge. You need a strategy for beating the low-ballers. So whats the best way to proceed? On the one hand, all you need to do is drop your prices below the competition, and buyers will beat a path to your door. On the other hand, this approach will land you in a price war, and there are no winners in a price war only survivors. Even if you manage to run your competitor out of business, chances are you may not have much of a business left when the battle is over. Luckily, it  is  possible to beat a lower-priced competitor without crippling your profits. Thats the good news. The bad news is that youll need to make major operational changes, and youll need to rethink how you communicate with customers. The changes required may not be for the faint of heart, but theyre better than the alternatives. So gird your loins, corporate warriors; youre about to embark on one of the biggest strategy challenges youll ever face. Select a Value Strategy. Goal:  Lay the groundwork for repositioning your product. When customers prefer the lower priced of two items, its usually because they believe the cheaper item is a better value. To compete, you need to get the customer to value your product more than the competitions regardless of the price. There are four market strategies that accomplish this: Lower your prices.  Yes, this is an option. The challenge is to do it without destroying your own profit margins. (Well explain how to do that in the next step.) The big danger here is that youll end up with a price war, so you must ensure that you have what it takes to be the last firm standing. Example: Dell underpriced PCs during the 1990s in order to grow market share. Build a uniquely superior product.  Customers will pay more if theyre convinced your product is demonstrably better than the competition. This superiority can be rational (like a feature or function nobody else has), emotional (like a reputation for being cool), or a combination of both. Example: Car buyers pay more for Volvos because theyre seen as safer than other cars. Create a hassle-free experience.  Customers will pay extra if your product is easier to buy and use than the competitors. Example: Many shoppers happily pay more for the convenience of bagged lettuce, even though it is significantly more expensive than head lettuce. Take ownership of the customers results.  Customers will pay extra if, in addition to providing the product, you take responsibility for ensuring that it generates the results the customer seeks. Example: GEs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines come with consulting programs, operating training, and a patient-preparation program a package that ensures that the machines will meet the hospitals performance expectations. Big Idea Where Do You Fit In? Think of product value as a grid. The left axis defines what you sell: Does your firm offer stand-alone products, or do you specialize in offering an ongoing set of services? The top axis is about your core value proposition: Does your offering compete largely on the basis of how much it costs, or does it offer features that make it unique? The more sophisticated your product gets, the more you can charge for it relative to the competition. Similarly, the more value your services provide, the more you can charge for them. Reposition, Readjust, and Reallocate Goal:  Make the internal changes necessary to support your strategy. Lowering your prices = Changing manufacturing and distribution.  To beat low-price competitors at their own game while also remaining profitable, you need to squeeze every last drop of inefficiency and cost from your manufacturing and distribution system. Example: If your competitor has outsourced its manufacturing to China, consider outsourcing your manufacturing to Vietnam, where costs are even lower.   Building a uniquely better product = Changing design and engineering.  Determine through market research what features or design will prompt customers to see your product as being unequivocally superior to the competition. Then get engineering to build it. Example: If youre launching a line of designer handbags, find out what fabrics and leather provide a look and feel that potential buyers view as upscale. Creating a hassle-free experience = Changing sales and marketing.  Figure out why its difficult to buy and use your competitors product, and then make it easy to buy and use yours. Example: Pioneer recently offered giant console TVs for sale at Home Depot, because many customers often already had a truck in the parking lot that they could use to haul the bulky item home. Taking ownership of the customers results = Changing customer support.  Build a deep bench of experts who really understand your customers businesses. Example: Under Lou Gerstner, IBM hired and retrained thousands of consultants, transforming the company from a mainframe computer vendor into a computing services vendor. Promote the New You Goal:  Communicate your new value strategy to potential customers. Once youve implemented all the operational changes required to reposition your product in the marketplace, its time to tell the world why your firm offers superior value. That means adopting a communications strategy that matches your market strategy, as follows: If you offer lower prices, mimic the competitions go-to-market strategy.  Ensure that whenever a customer sees a competitors product, your product is right next to it at a lower price. Example: Kinkos searches out local print/copy shops and locates a franchise across the street, offering prices that the local shop cant match and eventually driving them out of business. If you build a uniquely better product, target your advertising.  Reach customer groups that are most likely to believe your product is superior by selecting venues that the competition neglects. Example: Sonys VAIO PC business advertises in lifestyle magazines to reach female buyers, who are more likely to appreciate the VAIOs sleek design. If you create a hassle-free experience, generate positive word of mouth.  Make it easy for your customers to sell for you. Consider tell a friend coupons or offer referral fees. Example: Network Marketing products (like Amway) are typically priced higher than store-bought items, but they are sold by neighbors to neighbors (thats the word of mouth) and drop-shipped to the buyers (thats the hassle-free part). If you take ownership of the customers results, create a presence as an industry insider.  Get your sales consultants out to conferences, working groups, and industry-association meetings where they can work closely with decision-makers and develop consulting opportunities. Support your consultants with a wealth of case studies and reference materials. Example: The IT consulting firm Accenture promises to take responsibility for the successful implementation of the strategies it develops for clients. Some Big Online Competitors http://www.yhbuk.com/ Global Rank- 6,500,967 http://www.pakcosmetics.com/ Global Rank- 237,489 Rank in GB- 24,238 http://www.evolutionhairdressing.co.uk/ Global Rank- 21,314,825 http://www.miracleshairandbeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 19,385,944 http://www.blackbeautyandhair.com/ Global Rank- 1,644,907 http://www.bebeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 20,902,879 http://www.beautyqueens.co.uk/ Global Rank- 5,862,573 These People are doing much of advertising to make themselves more and more present online. Using Search Engine Optimization, they are turning more and more traffic towards their online stores. There are lots of SEO techniques by which one can get a good traffic to their websites. SEO Experts are well equipped in using all these techniques to make websites online presence more and better. Social Media networking platforms are best way to make a good number of local customers and targeted people. Marketing strategy Marketing activity/milestone Person responsible Time Duration Print advertising Marketing Manager Once in a month public relations Marketing Manager One Year branding and artwork Marketing Head One Year publications and catalogues Marketing Head online advertising SEO Expert 6 Months blog/social networking SEO Expert 6 Months mail-out SEO Expert 6 Months Website SEO Expert 6 Months Event Marketing Head Once in 6 months media release (Online Direct) Marketing Head Once in a month The Marketing Strategies are as simple as in every business all people Execute to increase their sales. These Strategies could be Online Marketing and direct both. Advertising sales Advertising and promotional strategy Planned promotion /advertising type Promotional strategy Execution Print media advertising By Using Business Print Media, The Top Most level of executives of Industry can see the Service we offer. The Relationship Manger with The Help of Design team can create an attractive designed offer to publish on daily print papers in their targeted audience. online advertising Using Online Advertisement, A huge amount of traffic comes to the desired destination we set as our goal. We can manage this process with SEO expert. He can design and execute the suitable template to most of searchable websites around the target. mail-out Using Email Marketing we send thousands or lacs of Emails to the Executives who have decisive power to Enhance their business. SEO expert team will manage this email marketing process with their executives. publications and catalogues In Publication Catalogues we Can Include Our Products, Features, Services and the Latest Offers for New and Old Customers. Our Clients Review also plays a vital role in this section. When Looking at the competitors, we can make us stand out with differentiate and make this offer available on publications, catalogues and daily prints. blog/social networking Social networking places are becoming the new platform to promote the businesses and can increase the traffic on the web. We can put our products and services there for the consumer in any part of the world. The SEO or Social Media team will do blog posts, classified ads on ad post sites, do make interact with local guys and make them feel better with our products and service. branding and artwork, Events These are the strategies where we can invite our global partners, clients, share holders and new people to tell how and what we achieved. We can make better retention of our old partners, clients etc and can acquire the new people for growing our business. Relationship managers team will Arrange Brand publish, event organise and invite key customers and big clients. There can be a Reward ceremony to our major partners and distributors. public relations This can be good if we have a good relationship manager; he can be good with the clients and can generate a referral program in his team for new Acquisition. We need a Good Relationship Manger from Local area with a good experience and fair knowledge of customers and local people. Online Sales and Marketing methods Online Advertising Channels Strategy Execution Online Business Directories Online directories give consumers a one-stop shop for finding local businesses that offer the products and services they need. There are general online business directories that host listings for business in various industries, but there are also more specific directories that hold listings for niche businesses. Choose quality online directories that receive constant traffic and that are updated frequently with new listings, as customers are more likely to use these sites. There are lots of Online

The Great Depression Essay -- Papers History New Deal Market Crash Ess

The Great Depression The great depression hit the nation quite hard with an un-comparable feeling of instability and weakness. The United States and other nations including Europe and Great Britain were quickly affected. The depression, caused by the fall of the stock market in 1929, caused many individuals to panic and the depression was everywhere by 1932. Many people were affected by the depression. Investors, the ordinary work force and consumers sank rapidly with the panic that spread across the world. The United States tried to gain security through several attempts at restoration. With the help of president Roosevelt and his attempt to restore security with The New Deal the nation would overcome the onset crisis. The ordinary people affected by the crisis experienced many forms of mass unemployment. As the workforce began to panic the anxiety grew stronger. The stress of unemployment and anxiousness forced thus individuals to look to the government for the answers. Governments quickly responded to the anxiety by raising taxes. Which in turn only seemed to make matters worse. The United States attempts at restoring the nation with confidence failed. Some believe that the main reason being that the United States had developed an enormous economy of mass production, but the larger picture consisted of analyzing more than the mass production. Instead there was a problem arising. How would the nation survive with a population of mass production and a decrease in consumption became the main question being analyzed. As the stock market crashed and the United States economy began to as well the U.S. government began to focus on the idea of every nation for themselves. The... ... New Deal solved the depression because it didn?t, but I think that it gave the nation the fundamentals that they needed to solve their problems themselves. All that was missing was the structure and strength in the citizens themselves to reunite as a nation and not as individuals. The New Deal helped many individuals perceive these morals and values by setting the standards for economic equality, limited production, and fairness for the rich and poor and it also provided equality in the field of competition. All in which were needed to be restored. After all we did create The Pledge of Allegiance, which plainly states the fundamentals of The United States by saying we are ?One nation under god, individual with liberty and justice for all.? Meaning justice for all people in our country and resembles the unity we should all feel in our nation together as a whole

Arts

One of these checks recently preformed was of a 67 year old patient who presented for a hysterectomy. She ended up with complications and subsequent treatment for these complications, all care was provided by Nightingale Community Hospital. Mistakes were made with this patients care and corrective actions will be taken. It is cases like these we strive to correct, in order to become â€Å"the hospital of choice for patients, employees, physicians, volunteers, and the community. † (Nightingale Community Hospital, p. ) In order to learn and grow from the mistakes made with our tracer patient, we must identify specific mistakes made and develop a corrective action plan to address the improvements we are going to make. According to the information provided by our tracer patient's worksheet, it was determined the patient presented for â€Å"librarianship hysterectomy that was converted to an open procedure due to excessive bleeding approximately five weeks prior to hospitalizing. † After examining our patient's worksheet, or fact sheet, a few items throughout their care with us was not up to standards.First mistake found was our tracer patient did not have an admissions assessment thin the 24-hour window, starting with the time of admissions. The tracer patient's physical was done over 72 hours after admission. Second, the staff reported completing a functional assessment but there was no documentation supporting this claim in her chart. Third, the nurse evaluated the need for an advance directive, found none to be present, and requested the family bring one with them. The family never followed through and did not provide it.Fourth, the nurses did not update the tracer patient's plan of care since the surgery, and this assessment was done 5 weeks after surgery upon re-admittance. Fifth, a pain assessment is supposed to be done within an hour after pain medications are given. The night before this assessment, the follow up was done over an hour after th e pain medication was distributed 4 times. Sixth, the tracer patient's oxygen tanks were not secured properly and her room's air vents were dirty. Seventh, the nurse was not able to explain range order or give a proper range in milliards.Eighth, hand off communication is poor when patient transfers units and or providers. The SD, OR nurse and PACIFIC nurses employed all evaluation tasks properly. As you can see, many steps required for safety were either incomplete or overlooked. In order to bring this tracer patient up to the standards of the Joint commission a corrective action plan needs to be made. For this assessment I am going to concentrate on the issues of medication range orders and communication during the hand off process.Medication range orders are very important because they can prevent over fusing and under dosing. Over dosing has obvious consequences or poisoning and even death, under dosing can lead to the patient Ewing in unnecessary pain. The hand – off proc ess is very important and was addressed in prior assessments. This is where most mistakes within a hospital take place. A hand-off can include when a patient goes from one department from another or even when there is Just a shift change.In our previous case, the disorientation or the hand off lead to one of Nightingale Community Hospital's patient's Tina, to be discharged to a parent who did not have custody of her, resulting in a sentinel event. 2. 1 . Nightingale Community Hospital needs to repeat the steps taken to evaluate the racer patient on a wider range of patients. They need to re-evaluate the care of at least 100 patients receiving general anesthesia and inpatient surgery within the last 60 days.This is an important step to take to make sure these mistakes were not made as an isolated incident and more as an over all hospital wide issue. Assuming these mistakes are typical to Nightingale Community Hospital, it should proceed with the following steps. 2. Nightingale Commun ity Hospital will concentrate on two specific failures: medication range orders and communication during hand off process. These areas need to be a priority because they have the greatest consequences. Poor communication leads to almost all patient issues and medication dosage can quickly lead to fatalities. . In regards to hand offs and transferring, the Joint commission requires â€Å"The hospital's process for hand-off communication provides for the opportunity for discussion between the giver and receiver of patient information. Note: Such information may include the patient's condition, care, treatment, medications, services, and any recent or anticipated changes to any of these. Anoint Commission, 2014, p. 1) As described in the tracer patients information, the hand-off preformed was â€Å"Disjointed hand-off process, inconsistent use of handcuff form. To correct this staff, specifically all nurses and transport staff, will be re-trained how to transfer patients. Executives and unit super visors will collaborate on making a check off list, including such items as patient condition review, care treatment, medications and services (as recommended by the Joint Commission), which the two providers who are handing off the patient will both initial and review. . After the executives and unit supervisors develop the check off lists for all departments, an online training session will be mandatory for all employees.It will followed with a brief in person review of all employees by their unit super visors within 30 days of the implementation and the results will be kept in all employee files. The people responsible for this issues are the nurses and the transport staff. A measure of success is going to be a check off list, which has specific questions both the send off person and the receiving staff will have to fill out. Both of the questionnaires will be filed in the patients chart and their will be a set for each hand off the patient encores throughout the d ay.The question air protocol will start in two weeks from today. This will go on for one week throughout the entire hospital. Each of the lead super visors for each division or floor will then compile these questionnaires, compile a report for each staff member and review the findings with the staff member within 20 days following the one week assessment. They will discuss what can be improved generally and what the employee needs to specifically irking, if anything. C. Similar actions will be taken for range order re-training.Range orders are â€Å"medications in which the medication does may vary over a prescribed range, depending on the patient status. † (, 2009, p. 2) The important of training for range orders is clear. If over dosed, a patient can be killed, and if under dosed, the patient is in pain. Again, the executives and department super visors will collaborate to create range order guidelines and a re-training program. Rather then having this training be an all st aff and employee requirement, range order training ill only be implemented with employees who distribute medications.Training should spread further then physicians and nurses, but also to Urn's aids and certified nursing staff. It is important for them to have this basic training, even through they are not changing the distribution amounts, but they will be better able to spot a mistake if they have further training. The people responsible for this action are all staff members who distribute the medications. The measurement of success is going to be an audit, done by the nursing lead for the day. The lead will audit all charts for he last two hours of each persons shift.The staff will not be informed of this audit. The lead will look over any medications passed to the patient. Calculate what the text book dosage range is, make sure what was given to the patient was within this range. The lead will have on week from tomorrow to start these audits. They will go on for one 24 hours per iod throughout the hospital. The leads will have one week to compile the data, and one week following to have the reviews with the staff. During the review and nurse will distribute a pamphlet overgrowing orange order dosing.

Non verbal Communication Essay

Good communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personal and professional. But we communicate with much more than words. Most of the messages we send other people are nonverbal. Nonverbal communication includes our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and tone of voice. The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication, or body language, is a powerful tool that can help you connect with others, express what you really mean, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships. What is nonverbal communication and body language? Nonverbal communication, or body language, is a vital form of communication—a natural, unconscious language that broadcasts our true feelings and intentions in any given moment, and clues us in to the feelings and intentions of those around us. When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive wordless signals. All of our nonverbal behaviors—the gestures we make, the way we sit, how fast or how loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make—send strong messages. These messages don’t stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you’re silent, you’re still communicating nonverbally. Oftentimes, what we say and what we communicate through body language are two totally different things. When faced with these mixed signals, the listener has to choose whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal message, and, in most cases, they’re going to choose nonverbal. Why nonverbal communication matters The way you listen, look, move, and react tells the other person whether or not you care, if you’re being truthful, and how well you’re listening. When your nonverbal signals match up with the words you’re saying, they increase trust, clarity, and rapport. When they don’t, they generate tension, mistrust, and confusion. If you want to communicate better in all areas of your life, it’s important to become more sensitive to body language and other nonverbal cues, so you can be more in tune with the thoughts and feelings of others. You also need to be aware of the signals you’re sending off, so you can be sure that the messages you’re sending are what you really want to communicate. Types of nonverbal communication and body language There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others. Facial expressions The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. Body movements and posture Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Gestures Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation. Eye contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response. Touch We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a firm handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm. Space Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other  person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection. Voice It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people â€Å"read† our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as â€Å"ahh† and â€Å"uh-huh.† Think about how tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. How nonverbal communication can go wrong It takes more than words to create satisfying, strong relationships. Nonverbal communication has a huge impact on the quality of your personal and professional relationships. What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you, how well they like and respect you, and whether or not they trust you. Unfortunately, many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it. When this happens, both connection and trust are damaged.

Drugs for heart failure Essays

Drugs for heart failure Essays Drugs for heart failure Paper Drugs for heart failure Paper Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body demand, which can be as a result of aging; the process can be stimulated by myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, mitral, chronic hypertension and sometimes diabetes mellitus, pharmacological invention is geared to prevention and alleviating the primary cause because heart failure is as a result of secondary consequence. Therefore it is important to control lipid level, blood pressure and blood glucose. Cardiovascular changes occur as result of the heart being unable to eject all blood from the left ventricle because of this deficit the heart respond by increasing the out put pressure which ultimately lead to increased pulse wave on the entire systemic circulation, which increases the mean arterial pressure with each subsequence heart beat, because of this after load the myocardial muscle of the left ventricle adapt by hypertrophying for the short run, however in the long run the heart is unable to compensate hence cough and shortness of breath are registered in chronic hypertension. The pathophysiology of heart failure result from decreased myocardial contraction which lead to reduced blood pressure characterized by decreased supply in the kidney which respond by secreting rennin-Angiotensin, a system responsible for the activation of the already secreted aldosterone by the which primarily causes retention of sodium ions and water retention, increased peripheral resistance, but causes edema of the limbs, increased blood volume and after load as a secondary event. finally leading to myocardial workload, simultaneously heart failure may occur both the right and left ventricles, it may predominantly affect the right side from increased preload resulting in pulmonary edema,on the peripheral and impaired blood supply to body organs for instance the liver, however cardiac decompensation may occur and present itself as dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary congestions which causes cough and orthopnea and pulmonary edema where the patient feels like suffocating and sometimes extreme anxiety which may become worse at night. Appropriate medication is aimed at alleviating the symptoms by decreasing the heart rate, myocardial workload and increased contractibility; overtime the heart may lose it responsiveness compensate for increased workload . whereby it is advisable to restrict sodium and water to such patients; however other factors such as myocardial ischemia may aggravate the situation of acute heart failure. Treatment with ACT (Angiotensin covering enzyme) inhibits which mode of action involve lowering the peripheral resistance and prevent secretion of aldosterone, which ultimately lead to reduced arterial blood pressure hence removing the after load, and the dilation of the veins which lead to substantial reduced work load. An example of these drugs include lisinopril which is used for several weeks or months for the condition to return to normality, dosage recommended for an adult is 10mg/day, however several precaution measures should be observed before administration of the drug which include determination of the blood pressure range, patients with condition related to renal failure and also for physiological condition such as pregnancy which make it advisable to terminate treatment during the second and the third trimester, but the safety and efficacy of these drug to patients over 6 years and above have been determined. This drug work best when the treatment is started immediately at the onset of the signs of heart failure, because of the side effects of the ACT inhibits which include headache, dizziness, orthostatic, hypotension and cough, with the adverse effect at the long run which include severe hypotension, syncope, angioedema and blood dysrcasis. a reservation was made to such patient who may not tolerate this, hence an alternative was adopted . which have an action of blocking the ARBs (angiotensin receptors blocker) inhibitors which has the same mode of action as ACT inhibitors, with the approval of Valsartan and Candersarton in 2005, with a maximum recommendation dosage of 320mg/day and32mg/day respectively. Treatments of heart failure with diuretics have being used because of the less adverse effect and their effectiveness in alleviating the symptoms of heart failure by reducing fluid volume, normal diuretics are prescribed together with the ACE inhibitors with patients presenting symptoms such as pulmonary congestion a clear indicator of water retention. An example is loop diuretic called furosemide which work even with renal malfunction, the drug function best when administered intravenously in acute heart failure in span of minutes. Furosemide mode of action involves prevention of reabsorption in the loop of henle region for the sodium and chloride ions, however precaution should be observed before administering, by looking at potassium level, lower dose is recommended for geriatric patients, patients with pregnancy category C, neonates and developing infants should not be treated with the drug, dosage recommended for an adult is a maximum 600mg/day, furosemide have several side effect which in electrolyte imbalance and orthostatic hypotension, with the adverse effect at the long run which include; Severe hypotension, dehydrations, hypokalemia, hyponatremia and ototoxicity. Thiazide diuretics are less efficient than loop a diuretic which is reserve for patients with moderate or mild condition. However it can be efficient when used together with loop diuretics in acute heart failure, potassium sparing diuretics have low efficacy with limited use, with the exception of aldosterone antagonist called spironolactone which have displayed reduced mortality and slow progression of advanced heart failure, the dosage is given in part but a maximum of 200mg/day is recommended, which could have the following side effect such as hyperkalemia, gynecomastia in male fatigue and dysrhythmias as an adverse effect due to hyperkalemia. References Jack . G and Sternberg . S (2010) Analysis: hospital heart attack death rate drop. Merck manual (2008) Retrieved on 8 July 2010 from merck. com/mmhe/sec03/ch025/ch025a. html. Williamson (2010) anxious heart disease patients at high risk Retrieved on 8 July 2010 from, thetherapylounge. com/hypnotherapy-news/c-4408/anxious-heart-disease-patients-at-higher-risk/.

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Nursing - Essay Example In the medical professional, abortion is a safe practice when conducted under the right procedure and within the legal provision (Duda,  2012). However, the morality of the human community influences medical decisions. Consequently, medical practitioners debate whether the practice is moral or unethical. The public and medical opinions about doctor-assisted suicide has a close contention with 47% of the Us adults approving the practice while 49 percent disapprove the same or laws enacted to promote it (Pew Research Center., 2015). Specifically, morality is a critical issue that influences these decisions and perceptions. Fundamentally, cultural practices and the UN Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as well as the US Constitution promote Human life by providing the right to life (Institute of Medicine, 2015). The morality of using restraining devices on stubborn patients, the elderly and those with a mental disability continues to cause concern for medical practitioners, as well as friends and relatives of the patients (Lai,  2007). Principally, the medical importance of the practice is to ensure the safety of the patient, the nurse, and any other stakeholder in this context. However, the antagonists argue that restraining denies the patient their fundamental rights of freedom and liberty as well as non-discriminatory care. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Approaching Death: Addressing Key End-of-Life Issues, author. (2015). dying in America: Improving quality and honoring individual preferences near the end of life. Pew Research Center. (2015). Chapter 1: Opinion about Laws on Doctor-Assisted Suicide | Pew Research Centers Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved from

System Operation Management Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

System Operation Management Project - Essay Example This incumbent’s role will involve analyzing individual situations and taking appropriate actions to ensure that customer needs and internal policies go in tandem with one another. Strong logical reasoning skills with analytical approach and basic knowledge of online money processing are presently found lacking. B) Products not fresh: - The Tip Top Market is a leading super market which provides a wide variety of products. But according to the analytical study, it is clear that the products which are being offered by the organization are not according to the customer needs. If the purity and freshness of the products is not given priority, this may lead to a customer turning hostile and moving towards other companies. So it is necessary to consider this as one of the key problems. C) Lack of appropriate storage facility: - Selecting the correct variety of production area and understanding the climatic and other environmental factors that affect the performance of a business is extremely important. Temperature, light intensity and quality are certain factors which are relevant to the storage decision. â€Å"Self-storage units are needed by residential customers for storage of personal items as well as by commercial customers for storage of stock. It is envisaged that 70% of the planned self-storage units will be taken up by the residential segment of the market and the remaining 30% will be directed toward the commercial segment.† (Self-storage Business Plans. Market Segmentation). D) Customer Relationship: - Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a broad term that is the concepts used by organization to manage their relationships with customers, including collecting, storing and customer information. Three aspects of CRM are- Operational CRM, Collaborative CRM, Analytical CRM. Operational CRM provides support to â€Å"Front office† business processes. Interaction with customers is a must. E) Charging High Price: - â€Å"Price† is